One of the
favorite indoor sports of historians is taking potshots at the statesmen who
made the decisions at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. How could they have been so stupid on such
issues as German reparations, claims of the nationalities and arranging borders
in the Middle East? However, all of
these issues seem much simpler in retrospect than they did to the decision
makers at the time.
We have had SDGs on World War I and the Paris Peace Conference. This proposed SDG is somewhat different. Rather than the usual presentation and discussion of each set of issues, the idea here is for the weekly presenter to argue the case of a nationality or country and for the SDG members to put themselves in the position of the three principal decision makers at the Conference-- Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau-- and to discuss and debate with the presenter the merits of the claims advanced by the presenter and what would be a reasonable result. In this way, we should be better able to experience the difficulties and pressures felt by all of the Conference participants.
The defeat of Germany, the Austrian Hungarian
Empire and the Ottoman Empire meant that the winners’ decision makers had to
listen to the requests and claims of many countries and ethnic groups
(including allies) as they reconfigured Europe and the Middle East. Many of these claims conflicted with each
other and with the objectives of the winners, even claims of the winners were
sometimes not merited by the claimant’s contribution to the War effort, and others
rested on historical and ethnic grounds which were questionable, murky and/or
not well understood by the decision makers.
Another major set of conflicts requiring resolution was the extent to
which ideas of punishment of the defeated countries should be controlling and,
more particularly, what to do about Germany. Despite the difficulties, decisions had to be
made, and they were.
The first sessions of the SDG will
necessarily set the scene, with information and discussion about the
makeup of Europe and European possessions before the War and the condition of
Europe at the start of the War. We will also consider the backgrounds of and pressures on the three decision makers and selection of
the format for the Conference. The
balance of the weekly sessions will be devoted to the type of dialogue and debate indicated above, including consideration of whether responsibility for the War rested exclusively with Germany.
The discussion of each claim will include the following: the
justice of the claim; the politics of the claimant’s region; the emotions, politics
and objectives of the winning countries; the anticipated results of alternative
possible decisions; the fear of Bolshevism; the ways in which facts on the ground were changing as the Conference proceeded; and the particular reactions and actions of the three decision
makers. Each discussion will also
include an evaluation of the wisdom of the decision made, both then and in the
years which were to come.
1. Configuration of Europe and European possessions on the eve of World War I
2. How and why the War began and the devastation it caused
3. Biography and biases of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George
4. Evaluation of possible formats for Peace Conference, selection of actual format and description of key participants
5. Claims of Belgium and Poland
6. Claims of Commonwealth countries: Canada, Australia & New Zealand
7. Claims of Italy
8. Claims of China, Japan & Vietnam
9. Claims of Middle European ethnic groups of former Austro-Hungarian Empire
10. Division of Ottoman Empire
11. Claims of Balkan national groups: Serbs, Croatians, Slovenians, Romanians, Bulgarians
12. Claims of Jews & Arabs to Palestine
13. Decisions concerning Germany
14. League of Nations
Core Book: Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World by Margaret McMillan. This book deals with the Peace Conference as a whole and also with the claims of the various countries and ethnic groups.
There is a multitude of books and other materials on Wilson, Lloyd and Clemenceau, the League of Nations, decisions made concerning Germany, the claims of the various claimants, the decisions made on those claims and the results of Conference decisions. They include the following:
Charles Mee: The End
of Order. Emphasis on the personalities
and abilities of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George.
Arthur Walworth: Wilson and His Peacemakers: American
Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference
Margaret
McMillan: Peacemakers: The Paris Peace
Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War
Nick Shepley: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919: A Student’s Guide to the Treaty of Versailles
Robert Gerwarth: The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End. Emphasis on the results of the Peace
Conference